Discuss two critical challenges facing business in the next 10 years Essay

Discuss two critical challenges facing business in the next 10 years and what part management process will play in the developme - Essay Example Business leaders encounter numerous challenges in keeping their businesses growing as the economy deteriorates. Establishing a business remains an outstanding accomplishment for numerous entrepreneurs, even though upholding one remains a challenge. There are numerous elements such as hiring appropriate persons, constructing brands, and maintenance of a business. Business limitations touched on fundamental aspects of space and time. Partners, when not busy, could converse in person. Presently, technology has granted businesses conference and email-hosting capacities. Additionally, business prototypes are moving towards accepting more instant communication in every framework (Group, Bespoke Investment 1). This implies businesses should become conversant with performing important businesses around the world at any prearranged timing. This is because distances no longer matter, and communication capabilities are becoming pervasive. Additionally, businesses are becoming politically active . Businesses in America should encompass opinions on political matters such as immigration and guideline. In such instance, businesses will not straightforwardly pick out the path towards anything that increases their profits, rather than aspects that will function best during the existing political climate. Presently, customers examine the political leanings of businesses when deciding on companies to frequent (5 issues facing small businesses in 2013 1). Uncertainty A significant proportion of the populace especially business leaders especially are uneasy with uncertainty. Uncertainty regarding global economy, credit markets, and ways through which innovative technology will influence businesses, pose numerous challenges. The result is that uncertainty results in the short-term concentration. Businesses are drawing back from long-term plans, in place of short-term concentration owing to the excuse of uncertainty. Failure to strategically plan10-years into the future could end up d amaging value. The problem requiring solution is balancing the need for more responsive, short-term concentration with the necessity for cognizant, long-term approaches (Shelton 1). There is an increasing marking of conflicts between individual and team skills within the business world. Businesses require the experience of coping with such paradox. In order to fashion an efficient labor force, businesses should overcome the uncertainty tension. Companies could meet the challenge through offering additional creative packages of benefits and become further interested in the emotional health and well-being of employees. Businesses could accomplish this ideology through centering on employees’ lifestyle aspects, attempt to encourage creativity and well-being amongst others (Love 1). Technology The pace of technological advancement is exponential making capital investments beneficial to businesses. Other businesses choose to postpone their realization of comparative advantages by waiting for the next generation technology. Similarly, the capacity for the unsurpassed technologists to remain informed regarding emerging technologies remains a challenge when mastering the current technology of the business. The challenge involves developing long-term technology strategies, whilst remaining flexible enough to grasp unanticipated technological advantages (Brooks and Paul 128). Businesses could find it particularly difficult dealing with the rapid changes in business

Ethical and Legal Systems of Health Care Organizations Essay Example for Free

Ethical and Legal Systems of Health Care Organizations Essay Aetna Incorporated, a health care plan company, is one of the American leading companies in diversified benefits of a range of traditional and consumer directed health care insurance services. It includes vast service offerings in health care insurance from mental and behavioral health to long-term care benefits and other health-related care and concerns . (Aetna, 2007a; Wikipedia, 2007) Moreover, it is the nation’s pioneer in full-service health insurer that proffers a consumer-oriented health plan. Aetna provides its members with the opportunity to reach out on suitable tools and comprehensible information for them to perform based decisions regarding health and financial interest (Aetna, 2007a). For over 150 years, Aetna has been committed to supporting people in attaining health and financial security. The company establishes information and necessary resources to work for its members and clients for them to execute â€Å"better-informed decisions about their health care. Currently, Aetna membership numbers up to 15. 7 million (M) medical members, around 13. 7 M dental members and around 10. 5 pharmacy members (Aetna, 2007a). In terms of health care networks, it holds on more than 783,000 health care professionals, 458,000 major care doctors and specialists, 4,681 hospitals and a network called AexcelSM, of specialist physicians. Aetna is also the provider of benefits through national employers of small, mid-sized and large multi-state scales in all 50 states, as well as individuals and Medicare recipients in certain markets. Aetna: Code of Conduct The company’s Code of Conduct contains a unique and consistent set of values and standards of integrity and business practices. It mediates in guiding the company in complying with the laws, regulations and ethical standards that controls Aetna’s business functions (Aetna, 2006). According to the preface message of Aetna’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and President Dr. Ronald A. Williams, every company’s employee, officer, and director is expected to follow the Code of Conduct because: a) it is the expectations of the customers from the company; b) they have a vow to live b their values, and; c) they would be functioning with the utmost principles of fair and ethical business guidelines given that they follow the contained guidelines in all their business aspects. However, the Code cannot cover all situations and Dr. Williams encourages the assistance or guidance of The Aetna Way and their Ethical Decision-Making Framework (to be discussed later in this paper) to conduct sound decisions and take the right actions in performing Aetna business practices. Ethical System The Code of Conduct contains ten (10) specific areas of topics in which the company discusses some policies on specific matters. The first one or Statement 1 deals with Conflicts of Interest that in general regards with the company’s requirement that its employees, officers and directors to keep away form real or obvious conflicts of interest to protect Aetna’s reputation. There should be avoidance in ownership interests or participation in excluded activities that would create a conflict of interest or interference in performing of a job. This requires reporting to the manager and compliance officer for review and sanction of affiliations on hand or ownership concerns that involves him or her or a family member or even a close friend residing in a home such as any positions with any â€Å"business, nonprofit organization or government entity that is an Aetna competitor, customer, provider or supplier† or for other cause or motives that may induce conflict of interest, and; getting hold of a considerable amount of partnership in possession of interest in any business or even partnership. However, the determination of conflicts of interest might sometimes be blurry and hence, guidance of a compliance officer might come necessary. There are also guidelines in the affiliations and interest of the Director and are not far-related to what have been discussed previously, and the review by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee must also re regarded relevant. There are also guidelines and rules in accepting or giving gifts; travel, entertainment and honorarium; discounts and preferential treatment; and loans and guarantees of obligations. Statement 2 deals with record-keeping and use of the company’s property and resources which should be entirely legal and proper. This is so since Aetna and any other companies for that matter, is mandatory to submit relevant documents, reports and public communication to the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulators that also includes disclosure in a manner that is whole, impartial, accurate, timely and comprehensible. All of the company’s resources and property such s e-mail, internet and other computing and communications systems should only be used for the company’s purpose. Bribes and other illegal payments are also strongly discouraged by the company. Statement 3 embarks on fraud, dishonesty and criminal conduct since these apparently affect Aetna’s reputation and continued success. Hence, all business functions must be performed with honesty and with compliance with applicable laws, regulations and ethics rules. Statement 4 is with regards with protecting member and other confidential information of members, employees and the company itself from any inappropriate access, use or disclosure. This is also in integration and compliance with federal and state privacy and security laws that is applicable to the company. Private company information refers to member information, the company’s professional interests, and other relevant information about its clients, subordinates and even suppliers that might be used against the company or for the benefit of its competitor. This is applicable in the course of being under Aetna or after the affiliation with the company. Statement 5 deals with the company’s business and trade practices which should be complied with honesty and integrity since Aetna has its own laws and regulations that apply to the company’s business which are under federal law. The company’s Record and Management Policy is also strongly encouraged to be followed. Statement 6 encourages the company’s subordinates to support Aetna to be a responsible and trustworthy government contractor since the company treasures winning and keeping government contracts. This can be achieved by following federal, state and local laws that regards with government contracting and procurement. Employment laws must be also strictly complied with. The Code is also concerned with proper employment practices and welfare as well as the appropriateness of its workplace (Statement 7). The company complies with policies and programs that ensure the inclusiveness and safety or the workplace for its employees and business partners, promote fairness and respect for all, and promote a working environment where diversity and inclusion are appreciated. Federal laws that discourage discrimination, harassment, special personal relationships, violence and vices are strongly administered by the company. Such laws that are complied with in the company are the Equal Employment Opportunity and the Affirmative Action, which takes away the basing of business decisions on individual’s characters (such as sex, race, color, nationality, age and others; and the company’s very own Alcohol and Drug Policy that prohibits distribution, possession, use, purchase or sell of alcoholic beverages and illegal or prescription substances and drugs. Statement 8 deals with Aetna’s securities transactions which prohibits trade securities if an individual has no material nonpublic information about particular securities. Under this code, all are expected to comply to all insider trading and securities federal laws and the company’s own relevant regulations. Also included dealing and transacting with securities matters and management and secrecy of private information. The company and a subordinate could face civil and criminal consequence for insider trading since insider trading is unethical and unlawful. The statement also discusses on â€Å"material information† relevant in decision-making that concerns any transactions on the company’s securities. Statement 9 deals with the company’s interaction whether private or public to any external institution such as media organizations and even with the federal government. Anyone in close relation to the company and even its subordinates should not speak in behalf of Aetna only there was consent or authorization from the Board of Directors to take such action. Personal views should also be kept separate from the company’s view. He funds of the company should not be also utilized to engage on a lobbyist or to make a political donation except authorized by the Government relations. These are for the protection of Aetna’s reputation and an individual as well, under compliance of laws. Finally, Statement 10 deals with Aetna’s intellectual property. Apparently valuable, such property must be protected from improper use or disclosure whether owned by the company or licensed from others. Intellectual properties of the company must be controlled the legal and proper way. Usage of such property must be under approval of an internal legal counsel and in accordance with the Aetna Intellectual Property Guide. Policies on Aetna’s intellectual properties are also extended to the websites, videos, music and publications. Aetna’s ethical system as contained in its own Code of Conduct presents a vast range of policies that protects the reputation, integrity, security and welfare of both the company itself and its subordinates and members. As discussed above there are specific policies or code of ethics from recordkeeping, employee’s equal opportunity and to intellectual property rights. According to the company, all policies are established in compliance with federal laws. The company’s policies regarding conflicts of interest and confidentiality have general basis as concluded by the study in a position paper from the Society for Health and Human Values and Society for Bioethics Consultation Task Force on Standards for Bioethics Consultation (Aulisio, 2000). One of their conclusions is that, abuse of power and conflicts of interest must be avoided in health care companies. This is so since ethics consultants have the authority and power to influence clinical care and such power can be exploited. Since conflicts of interest can be partial to consultants’ recommendations, important personal or professional linkages with one or more parties should be disclosed and be get rid of. In addition, the personal concerns of the consultants may be affected by giving advice that could act against the company’s financial or public relations concerns. Policies that concern on recordkeeping and use of the company’s property and resources, and insider trading are all in accordance to federal laws specifically in the Securites Exchange Act of 1933 and 1934 (USSEC, 2007). The two basic objectives of the former it that to mandate investors or companies receive financial and other relevant information regarding securities being offered for public sale and forbid â€Å"deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud† in the sale of securities. The latter states that insider trading is illegal when an individual trades a security while in ownership of nonpublic material information in disobedience of an obligation to withhold the said information or renouncement from trading. On the other hand, policies regarding the company’s employment practices are also observed in compliance with federal employment laws. Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws prohibit job discrimination which covers almost all private employers, state and local governments, educational institutions and even the federal government (USEEOC, 2005). The said law is enforced by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and also complies with the American College of Healthcare Executives or ACHE (ACHE, 2003). Overall, Aetna covers the essential and core ethic issues in accordance to federal laws.

Karl Marxs Theory of Surplus Labour Essay -- Politics Political Essay

Karl Marx's Theory of Surplus Labour For Marx surplus labour is the extra labour produced by a worker for his employer, to be put towards capital accumulation. The worker must do this work to keep his job but otherwise gains nothing by it. By helping the accumulation of capital he contributes to the cycle of mechanization and division of labour, which allow for fewer workers to do more work, thus adding to the competition between workers, and lowering their wages. Yet despite how it will contribute to a lessening of his earnings, the worker has no choice but to contribute surplus labour. If a man had the means of production and could work for himself producing what he needed or what he could trade for what he needs, then a man could stop when he has what he needs. If a man does not own the means of production and therefore cannot sell the product of his own labour then he must sell his labour power to someone who owns the means of production. He will be paid a wage. Marx makes it very clear that the wage is paid not for the labour, but for the labour-power, that is, the use of the worker for whatever set amount of time. Marx writes: "Labour-power, then, is a commodity, no more, no less so than is the sugar. The first is measured by the clock, the other by the scales." (1847. Wage-Labour and Capital. pg 3. All subsequent references will be marked by page number only.) The wage that the worker is paid will be somewhere around the subsistence wage – that is the wage necessary to keep the worker returning to the job the next day. While the subsistence wage for an individual worker can be just what is needed to keep the job position filled (not necessarily by the same person) the subsistence wage overall has to be enough th... ...ot the nature of the mechanical inventions or means of production themselves prevent them from bringing happiness, but the nature in which they are used as capital. Not all mechanical inventions or means of production are capital. Capital is a commodity or collection of commodities that are expected to produce more wealth. As Marx writes "Capital does not consists in the fact that accumulated labour serves living labour as a means for new production. It consists in the fact that living labour serves accumulated labour as the means of preserving and multiplying its exchange value." (11) Capital relies on surplus-labour to preserve and multiply it, even while, as explained above, the profits from the increased capital are constantly diminishing. Work Cited Marx, Karl. 1849. Wage-Labour and Capital. In Economics 314/English 351 Reading Package. Camrose: Augustana

Sharing Leadership :: essays research papers

Sharing Leadership Song: She'll Be Coming ‘Round the Mountain She'll be coming ‘round the mountain when she comes, "Whoo, Hoo" Driving six white horses ... "Whoa Back" We'll all go out to meet her... "Hi Babe" We'll kill the old red rooster... "Hack, Hack" We'll all have chicken ‘n dumplings... "Yum, Yum" We'll wear our bright red woolies... "Scratch, Scratch" -The subject of this presentation is Sharing Leadership. -I need 4 (four) volunteers. Each get a Name-tag and corresponding style card. -Now we are going to have a role-playing activity with four patrol leaders... Introduce each. -The situation which each patrol leader will lead us in is: The Scoutmaster would like your patrol to build a campfire for all of the parents who are visiting tonight. The Wolf Patrol has also challenged your patrol to a game of ultimate. What will your patrol do? -Which leader handled the situation the best? -If the Patrol Leaders' Council decided that it would be better if the troop went to a different summer camp this summer, which leader would be best to lead the group? -If young Johnny Scout needs help in setting up his tent, but the patrol leader has to go to a Patrol Leaders' Council, which leader would be best to lead the group? -If the patrol is going rock climbing and the Patrol leader is an expert, which leader would be best to lead the group? -If the patrol must decide on a design for a new patrol flag, which leader would be best to lead the group? -If the Patrol leader needs to decide on a campsite for his patrol at summer camp and he gets knows that he may not get his first choice, which leader would be best to lead the group? -Is there one leader that is best for all situations? -Does a good leader have a combination of all of these styles? -Now that we have a general idea of leadership styles, we can examine each more closely. Remember that different situations often need different types of leadership. -The Four Style of Leadership are Telling, Persuading, Consulting, and Delegating. -The First one, Telling, is sometimes called Ordering. -In this case, who identifies the problem, makes the decision, and directs the activity? (The leader) -Are the group members considered? (Sometimes yes and sometimes no) -When is telling or ordering the right leadership style?

Creativity in Maths Essay

The purpose and value of creativity in primary mathematics education Within this essay I am going to discuss the complex notion of creativity, In specific relation to creative teaching within the subject of mathematics. I will define the Issues of Interpreting creativity and the debates surrounding these issues. Secondly I am going to look at theories of creativity and the different views which have been argued. In relation to pedagogy, I will examine if the amount of assessment that teachers are now required to do restricts how creative they can be within their delivery of the curriculum. Furthermore, I will analyse the difficulties of creative pedagogy and the implementation of creative learning across the curriculum, focusing on mathematics. Creative learning can be highly beneficial for children’s learning and development, I will highlight the reasons for this and look at key theories relating to the debate. Lastly, I will look at policies and reviews which suggest that creative teaching approaches should be used across the curriculum. Wlthln education there are complex Issues relating to creativity. Creativity Is defined by different people In many different ways. Duffy (1998 cited In Brock, Dodds, Jarvis nd Olusoga, 2009) defines creativity as a means of forming new connections in a way that is meaningful to the individual. In this way creativity can be very useful for learning, due to the fact that it can help individuals create new distinctions within their learning and gain a firmer understanding of what they are being taught. Similarly Kohl (2008) suggested that creative activities are about exploring exciting and advanced ideas in the hope of discovering something new. Through experimentation learners may stumble across knowledge that was previously unknown to them, which gives them the opportunity to expand on their nderstanding. By provldlng children with creative opportunities practitioners are giving them a chance to expand their knowledge through self-directed learning, In a way that Is of Interest to them as an Individual. Freud (1900 cited in Woolfolk, Hughes and Walkup, 2008) took a psychoanalytical approach to creativity. He believed that creativity is present in all individuals within their unconscious mind and that it is brought about due to a wish to fulfil that individuals desires. Freud argued that all individuals have a creative potential, they just do not always display the use of it. Within children he identified creativity as ideation, a process of creating new ideas. When engaging in certain activities children will be creative In order to gain more enjoyment from what they are doing. Maslow (1943), however took a humanistic approach to the Idea of creativity. He suggested that the drive to learn is intrinsic as Individuals strive to reach self- actualisation. Maslows hierarchy of needs depicts levels of needs which Individuals can meet, starting with very basic needs and moving up to more complex needs which individuals have to strive for in order to achieve. He argued that in order for an Inalvlaual to reacn selT-actuallsatlon at tne top 0T tne pyram10 tney neeaea to extend their thoughts and actions through problem solving, creativity and morality. There are a number of issues surrounding creativity as it can be interpreted differently when put into different contexts. The core areas of learning within education are now heavily assessment based and there is a strong emphasis on literacy and numeracy, which is having a negative effect on creative pedagogy (Eaude, 2011). Within the teaching of core subjects there is very little time allocated to creative activities, instead the pedagogical focus is more on the acquisition of nowledge and facts Cones and Wyse, 2004). It could be argued that if teachers look beyond this structured approach to learning there is plenty of scope for fostering creativity in children’s learning within all areas of the curriculum. In the area of mathematics, children are taught specific skills and knowledge which they will need in order to achieve the level that they are expected to in accordance with the National Curriculum (DfEE, 1999). However, certain areas of mathematics involve a large amount of problem solving, which requires an individual to adapt their thinking n order to develop and discover how best to solve the problem at hand. Problem solving is seen as a creative process (Piggott, 2007). According to Cropley (2003, cited in Jones and Wyse, 2004) problem solving is intrinsic to creativity therefore the learner can be encouraged to use their creative thinking skills within the area of mathematics. On the other hand, children are often still given boundaries to work within, which again will stifle their chance to be creative or explore further possibilities. Creativity has been highlighted to be highly beneficial for children’s learning. Using creative methods of teaching can help to keep children engaged and motivated in their learning. Steiner (1861 – 1925 cited in Wood and Attfield, 2005) stated that within creative activities children become more engaged in their learning and therefore are more likely to learn from the activity that they were participating in. If children are provided with activities that they find captivating and interesting, they are more likely to actively participate, and therefore will gain something from the experiences that they encounter. In order for children’s creativity to flourish, within heir learning they need to be given a chance to do things for themselves (Wilson, 2008). Nickerson (1998 cited in Adams, 2005) suggested that allowing children to have a choice in the task that they are given enhances their creativity. Also the fact that they have chosen the activity for themselves means they will have more motivation to work towards their goals. If children can direct their own learning, by being given their own choices, they will use their current knowledge in a creative way to decide how best to approach the given task. Teaching mathematics in a creative way is seen by many teachers as a challenge. Mathematics is often regarded as a subject with set rules and structure; with right and wrong answers (Wilson, 2005). However, mathematics is not always recognised in it’s full capacity and can be present in areas which are not always deemed to be mathematically inclined, therefore making it a difficult subject to approach in a creatlve capaclty. Most teacners Delleve tnat matnematlcs snou10 De taugnt In a conventional and structured manner, although it could be argued that the reason for this is that teachers may not be confident enough to teach it any other way Cones and Wyse, 2004). Cropley (2001) would argue that conventional methods of teaching can have a negative effect on attitudes and motivation towards individuality as children may be encouraged to work in a certain way in order to logically work out the answers. In order to be creative within their teaching of mathematics, teachers need to provide children with opportunities in which they can extend their thinking and build on previous knowledge. It is often argued that creative mathematics is only accessible to the more able pupils, however it is possible to include all abilities. Furthermore, children of all bilities will always be willing to engage in mathematics creatively if they are given the opportunity. The DfES/QCA (1999) stated that mathematics as a creative discipline can stimulate exciting new achievements for learners and therefore teachers should facilitate all children’s learning by giving them a chance to engage creatively within the subject area. Introducing creative pedagogy in the area of mathematics can have a substantially positive effect on children’s development. Children who previously had little confidence within the subject can be taught different ways of dealing with athematical knowledge. Introducing children to different teaching methods and expanding mathematics using a cross-curricular approach will give children the opportunity to make comparisons and links between mathematics and other curriculum subjects (Cropley, 2001). The use of cross-curricular teaching will give the children the opportunity to partake in learning which links to a subject area that is of interest to them. Mathematics can help develop children’s thinking skills and it is important for children to be able to think creatively within all areas of the curriculum (Cropley, 2001). Within mathematics in particular children sometimes may need to think outside the box in order to discover the answers to what they are looking for. Mathematics can also be a chance for the involvement of abstract thinking skills as children learn to calculate mathematical sums cognitively. Mental arithmetic may be seen as something children commonly engage in, however they need to be able to deal with numbers and mathematics in an abstract context before they can fully develop these skills. Overall, the subject area of mathematics is much more widespread than is always recognised. The use of mathematics can be applied across he curriculum and within children’s every day life. Therefore it is essential to children’s educational development. The National Curriculum (DfEE, 1999) highlights the importance of fostering creativity while still ensuring that pupils gain the essential numeracy skills that they require. The National Curriculum suggests that all areas of the curriculum can be taught creatively, even the core subjects such as mathematics. A number of schools work towards the development of key skills which are outlined in the National Curriculum Handbook, while also including opportunities to be creative within mathematics NCSL, 2005). I ne Natlonal curriculum ) InTormea teacners tnat wltnln mathematics children should be taught to develop thinking skills, problem solving and learn to communicate mathematically. However this document focused more on the attainment of the children rather than the approaches that teachers could take in order to build upon these aspects using creative pedagogy. In 2000, the National Numeracy Strategy (DfE, 2000) was published in order to look at the teaching of mathematics in depth and to suggest to teachers ways in which they could incorporate better pedagogy within the area of mathematics. In his review, Williams (2008 cited in DSCF, 2008) looked at pedagogy for primary mathematics in the curriculum. He argued that in order for the content of a curriculum to be effective it must be partnered with excellent standards of teaching. He talked about developing positive attitudes towards the subject through delivering mathematics in interesting ways which will engage the learner. Through the use of creative pedagogy teachers can provide positive experiences which captivate the learner and therefore help them develop good attitudes towards the subject of mathematics. Similarly to Williams (2008 cited in DSCF, 2008), Ofsted (2010) drew parallels between the National Curriculum and creative approaches to teaching. They reported that children are more motivated by creative ways of learning, suggesting that providing experiences linked to the subject material within the National Curriculum, in which children can develop their creative learning, will in turn have a positive effect on their attitudes towards the subject. In conclusion, creativity is highly important within all aspects of the curriculum. Although it can be interpreted in different ways, this could have a positive effect as it llows for even more originality and diversity within teaching methods.

Kickstart Your Freelance Writing Career

Kickstart Your Freelance Writing Career Kickstart Your Freelance Writing Career Kickstart Your Freelance Writing Career By Daniel Scocco Have you ever considered making some money with your writing skills? If you have youll be pleased to know that our Freelance Writing Course is open for enrollment again. Its basically a 6-week program that aims to give you all the information and tools you need to start a freelance writing career online. Here are the six modules youll go through: Maximizing Your Writing Productivity to Multiply Your Profits Website Setup, Promotion and Guest Blogging Writing Content For The Web, A Totally Different Beast Finding Clients and Developing High Paying Jobs Running A Freelance Writing Business Efficiently Using Social Media To Promote Yourself and Land More Writing Jobs On top of that youll get access to a members-only forum, a section with a list of online tools you can use to boost your productivity, an aggregator of online writing jobs from all over the web, and a bunch of bonuses you can download right away. Over 1000 students joined the course in previous editions, and heres what some of them said about it: What you supplied has far exceeded my expectations, both in content and value for money. I congratulate you on a job well done. (Margaret Huggins, Australia) I want to share with you how much I enjoyed and benefited from the Freelance Writing Course. There are two things in particular that made the course beneficial for me. The first one was the private forums and your active participation in them. Second was the fact that I could work through the course materials at my own pace. I should also mention that you guys definitely deliver more than you promise. The bonus materials that you made available are quite valuable.(Shlomo Skinner, Israel) I just wanted to let you know how much I enjoyed the online course. I have been researching content on how to establish a freelance writing career since earlier this year and your course provided information that I just havent been able to find anywhere else. Thanks for taking the time to develop this in a straight-forward and manageable fashion. (Yvonne Smith, United States) If you want to get the details and enroll visit the course page here. Enrollment closes within a week, so dont miss out! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadThat vs. WhichLetter Writing 101

The Legitimacy of American Democracy essays

The Legitimacy of American Democracy essays In any system which claims to be democratic, a question of its legitimacy remains. A truly democratic political system has certain characteristics which prove its legitimacy with their existence. One essential characteristic of a legitimate democracy is that it allows people to freely make choices without government intervention. Other necessary characteristics which legitimate government is that every vote must count equally: one vote for every person. For this equality to occur, all people must be subject to the same laws, have equal civil rights, and be allowed to freely express their ideas. Minority rights are also crucial in a legitimate democracy. No matter how unpopular their views, all people should enjoy the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly. Public policy should be made publicly, not secretly, and regularly scheduled elections should be held. Since "legitimacy" may be defined as "the feeling or opinion the people have that government is based upon morally defensible p rinciples and that they should, therefore, obey it," then there must necessarily be a connection between what the people want and what the government is doing if legitimacy is to occur. The U.S. government may be considered legitimate in some aspects, and illegitimate in others. Because voting is class-based, it may not be classified as a completely legitimate process. Although in theory, the American system calls for one vote per person, the low rate of turnout results in the upper and middle classes ultimately choosing candidates for the entire nation. Class is determined by income and education, and differing levels of these two factors can help explain why class bias occurs. For example, because educated people tend to follow politics more, they are more likely to vote. People with high income and education also have more resources, and poor people tend to have low political efficacy. Turnout, therefore, is low and, since the early 1960s has been de...

14 Instagram-Worthy College Party Outfits

14 Instagram-Worthy College Party Outfits College parties are loads of fun, but they aren’t always easy to dress for. What’s too casual and what’s too dressy? When to go sexy and when to show a little school spirit? And how do you pull off specific occasions? Check out the outfits below for inspiration. #1 Stick to Smart Casual When You Dont Know What to Wear Not every college party is beer pong and local clubs. What happens if your internship throws an office bonanza? Dress smart, with well-fitting jeans or slacks, dress shoes, a blouse and blazer. Image credit: Pinterest #2 Add Playful Accessories Make your little black dress a bit more playful by adding bold jewelry and an artsy hat. This is the perfect outfit for a fun night out with your girls or to a music-themed/jazzy party. Image credit: emfashionfiles #3 Set the Vibe With Accessories If you’re more of a jeans gal, dress it up with a flowy tank and heels for a chill vibe. Perfect for a night at the bar or a spur-of-the-moment party with friends. Accessories really set the vibe for this look. Image credit: Pinterest #4 Use Your School Team Colors Tailgating parties are some of the liveliest events, and it’s worth making a little effort beyond your school tee+jean go-to. Pair a top with a skirt or shorts that matches your team colors for a festive tribute to your school. View this post on Instagram My eyes are closed because I couldnt see a thing, and its a cute picture you know it 🠤 ª . . . . . . . . . . #youmad#summer#420#summeroutfit#yellow#missguided#ohpolly#photography#promo#promoter#outfit#ideas#yellowtop#denimskirt#leicester#leic#curlyhair#summertime#inspirations#mediumhair#hairstyle#home#outdoor#promoterswanted#promotersearch#promocode#isawitfirst A post shared by ð â€™ ¦Ã° â€™ ¶Ã° â€œâ€¡Ã° â€˜â€™Ã° â€˜â€™Ã° â€œÆ'ð â€™ ¶ ð â€™ ¥Ã° â€˜â€™Ã° â€œâ€°Ã° â€™ ½Ã° â€œÅ'ð â€™ ¶ (@kareenajethwa) on Apr 20, 2019 at 9:55am PDT #5 Jumpsuits with Heels Just Perfect! A bright jumpsuit and heels will have all the heads turning. Dress it up for a party at a sophisticated event or keep it casual for a kickback with friends. View this post on Instagram You can’t go wrong with this new jumper ⠝ ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã°Å¸â€ ¥ It’s absolutely stunning, very flattering, the color looks beautiful on all skin tones! ðŸ™Å'🠏 ¼ #bestdressed #weddingguestoutfit #fallfashion #newnewnew #shopchantillyboutique A post shared by Chantilly Boutique (@shopchantillyboutique) on Sep 13, 2018 at 8:21am PDT #6 Buy a Cute Dress for B-Day Parties The more friends, the more birthday parties you’ll be invited to! Opt for a colorful, sweet dress that you can pair with comfortable shoes like converse or dressy flats. It’s the perfect way to look flawless without upstaging the birthday girl. View this post on Instagram a cute caption #birthdaypartyoutfit #purpledress #converse #forever21 A post shared by Delilah Melendez (@missdelilahm) on Oct 22, 2017 at 5:47pm PDT #7 Choose Traditional Holiday Colors Holiday parties are magical, and if you’re celebrating the holidays with your college friends, a colorful ballroom skirt, heels and half sleeve blouse will win hearts. Worried about fitting the occasion? Opt for browns and orange around Thanksgiving, reds and greens at Christmas, and gold or black around New Year’s. What about Halloween? These college outfit ideas for Halloween will help you to look perfect. Image credit: Pinterest #8 How About Tying a Regular T-Shirt? Headed to a frat party? Bar-hopping with the girls? Convert your everyday essentials into a fun, flirty outfit by grabbing a front tie shirt or tying a regular t-shirt and wearing your favorite cut-off shorts. View this post on Instagram If I’m gonna buy bubble tea just for a picture, I should atleast post more than one right? 😋 Happy Friday angels! ðŸâ€" ¤ A post shared by Ann Liwanag 🕊 Travel Style (@aliwanaagg) on Aug 17, 2018 at 1:10pm PDT #9 Youll Never Lose By Choosing Denim Shorts Denim shorts and crop tops are a great option for darties early in the semester when the weather is still hot. Opt for a dark pair of shorts with a patterned top or keep with simple with a plain top and lighter-colored denim. View this post on Instagram black blue. @edi.bee A post shared by who . wear . what (@who.wear.what) on May 29, 2019 at 10:12pm PDT #10 Try a Printed Skirt You can’t get more straightforward than this printed mini skirt paired with a classic black tee and fun accessories. This is a great option is you’re playing it safe at a dorm party or getting the first taste of college nightlife.. You’ll look hip and feel comfortable all at once. https://theartoffashion11-blog.tumblr.com/post/36911640372 #11 Consider Leggings Leggings and crop tops are the ultimate party comfort, and with the right fit and color combination, you’ll be the high-fashion guest of the party. Complete the look with a stylish jacket, shades and combat boots to insert a boost of color. View this post on Instagram â€Å"I’m still here with who I started with.† 💙🠐‘ #DHOE | 📠¸ @thecoolliterati A post shared by Johnny (@johnnyubric) on Oct 29, 2017 at 6:25pm PDT #12 Try 90s Fashion Did someone say 90s? Don’t throw that 90s party invite in the trash! Bold patterns, chokers, mom jeans, and multi-patterned hoodies and jackets were all the rave back in the day. Mix and match and finish off with with a thick black belt and you’ll steal the show. Image credit: Pinterest #13 Swimsuit Also Matters Whether you’re swimming or lounging, pool parties are great ways to end the summer or kick-off the season. Choose a bright, fun swimsuit and bikini and use a pair of overall shorts as your cover-up! View this post on Instagram I was just so excited I fit in this onesie again. 😎 . . . . #onesie #jumper #bikini #poolpartyoutfit #latergram #ink #tattoo #girlswithtattoos #lezbehonest #lezziegram #blueisthewarmestcolor #fitfemales #lezbehonest #lezziegram #Ã'„Ð ¸Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã'ˆÐ ºÃ ° #Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã ±Ã ¸Ã ½Ã µÃ ·Ã ¾Ã ½ #Ð ºÃ'Æ'Ð ¿Ã °Ã »Ã'Å'Ð ½Ã ¸Ã º A post shared by Ruslana Sokolovskaya (@ruslanasky) on Aug 21, 2018 at 5:44pm PDT #14 Turn a Tee into a Dress Turn an oversized graphic tee into a sexy dress for a night out on the town or a concert after-party. Pair with combat boots and a crop jacket you’ll have an unforgettable ensemble. View this post on Instagram #DHOE A post shared by Marlee (@mar.wynn) on Oct 27, 2017 at 11:43pm PDT

Iraq War and Internation Relation Paradigms Essay

Iraq War and Internation Relation Paradigms - Essay Example Before delving into the paradigms, it is necessary to refresh the facts leading up to this study. In the aftermath of World Trade Center collapse in September 2001, Bush found a path to reach many parts of the world for various reasons that were presented to the Congress and the public, but not favored by the majority overall. The most significant impact was on Iraq because the war is still in progress. The question is still inevitable as to why the Bush administration chose Iraq to invade. In his State of the Union Message, Bush commented, "Iraq's illegal weapons programs, its attempts to hide those weapons from inspectors, and its links to terrorist groups," ("Bush's Deep Reasons for War on Iraq") referring to Saddam's underground activities. There have been no terrorists' arrests in Iraq and in October, Duelfer released a preliminary report finding that in March 2003 - the month of invasion-Saddam did not have any weapons of mass destruction (WMD) stockpiles and had not started an y program to produce them ("Official: U.S. Calls off Search for Iraqi WMD's"). This arouses suspicions then behind the real reason for the Bush Administration to invade Iraq. ... The same concept should then be applied when dealing with other countries. Without having actual evidence, declaring a war on a country is not the mark of a respected authority. As America was intensifying its attacks on Iraq, North Korea came forward and admitted to having nuclear weapons. "North Korea does have missile and biological and chemical weapons programs, along with its bid for a 'nuclear option' - and all have been significantly improved in the past decade" (Encarnacion 2005) Then why not invade North Korea To believe that America invaded Iraq partly based on a nuclear threat to the rest of the world seems absurd then and even now, since North Korea was openly admitting to having nuclear weapons and no direct military action was taken in their regard. Then what is it that makes Iraq, and it is crucial to once again reiterate that no weapons of mass destruction were really found, the main target of the Bush Administration Imperialism-Is America Building a New Empire Throughout history, many superpowers have built vast empires through imperialism; such as the Turks' Ottoman Empire and the British Empire. Yet, America has never shown fondness in the concept of imperialism and neither has invaded and conquered a country to build an empire. However, with the recent political activities, suspicions do arise to question the intentionality of the Bush Administration. If Iraq was attacked to search for weapons of mass destruction and those accusations proved to be false, then why has the war not ended Is America now building an empire First, a definition of imperialism is essential to establish the foundation on which to judge the government's actions. Imperialism is basically when one

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business Ethics - Essay Example The present study focuses on learning about the CSR activities of Starbucks Company and the different issues that the organization addresses. Starbucks and their CSR Efforts: The Starbucks Company was initiated in the year 1971 in Seattle when three friends Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker had opened up a small coffee shop. However there have been several changes over these years where the company experienced selling out and expansion processes before the position where it has reached now (Garza). Starbucks had always considered the fact that communities should be served at their best and hence such corporate social responsibilities were performed by the company ever since their coffee shop initiated (Being a Responsible Company, 2011). The company is committed to provide â€Å"good governance, ethical conduct and social responsibility† along with maintaining relationships with the stakeholders of the company (My Starbucks, n.d., p.10). The recent reports of CSR eff orts of Starbucks Company reflect their progress in several areas of work. The company’s recent commitments also include assisting the coffee farmers, and supporting communities and environments. Other commitments also include ethical sourcing of coffee, responsibility for the environments, involvement in community development, and practices in the workplaces. As studies reveal, the company is a leader in the industry as far as ethical sourcing of coffee is concerned, where the company has accomplished sustainable coffee, higher price payments, fair trade certified coffee, and Conservation International Collaboration addressing changed in climate. The company has also proved to be a leader in environmental responsibilities trying to focus on renewable energy, and green building. Relationships with customers and neighbors are also included as major responsibilities of the company (Starbucks Makes Corporate Social Responsibility Report Public, 2008). Thus the company’s e fforts on CSR can be found to be effective on maintaining the environments and communities as well as improving the image and reputation of the company. Stakeholders of Starbucks Company and Effects of the Company’s CSR on Them: The different stakeholder groups of the company that Starbucks need to consider while planning for their CSR activities include the employees of the company, the shareholders, the partner organizations, government and non government organizations, university student organizations and academic institutions, regional community groups, and the media (Reid, 2006). Strong relationships need to be built and maintained with these stakeholders thus implying the fact that the CSR activities of the company would have significant effects on these stakeholders. The Starbucks Company considers the needs and expectations of different stakeholders and accordingly communicates the CSR activities to them. For stakeholders like the NGOs, the company tries to integrate the strategies, practices and operations focusing on a holistic approach towards solving different problems. The motives are ethical, economic, and legal. For investors or shareholders, the company has always tried to connect the values of the company with its performances, the motives being economic and ethical, also attempting to create values with the

An intriguing outdoor scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

An intriguing outdoor scene - Essay Example Dogs and their owners can be seen as well walking or running around for a good exercise. It is a usual meeting place for people which make parks an inherent part of American society. This is why more people and organizations such as Parks for People are calling for the improvement and opening of more parks. â€Å"City parks and open space improve our physical and psychological health, strengthen our communities, and make our cities and neighborhoods more attractive places to live and work† (Sherer, 2006, p.6). These parks contribute more than we realize, even so the national parks that are part of the â€Å"nation’s natural and cultural heritage† (The Untold Stories, 2009, par.2). The vibrancy that is apparent when people flock to the park is testament to its vital role in the community. There is no doubt that parks are ideal places where people mingle and enjoy activities without having to spend a dime. They must be preserved for the continued enjoyment of peopl e and the future generations to

Advice for the Critique of an Academic Journal Article

Advice for the Critique of an Academic Journal - Article Example is, the emphasis is on collecting various manifestations of INV, which the authors divide into three groups: â€Å"born global,† â€Å"born again global,† and â€Å"born international.† (Gabrielsson et al., 2014, p. 450). In the given theoretical framework, the authors use data from several case studies from mostly developing firms in knowledge-intensive sector. So, it is crucial to discuss validity, reliability, and transferability of the given support to the main idea. Based on the presented theoretical assumptions, the discussion seems reasonable. In particular, the examples of real activity fit the theoretical assumptions of its entrepreneurial features. In other words, case studies make the findings on causal relationship between the enterprise and opportunism to be â€Å"really about what they appear to be about† (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 157). Although, the presented data has doubtful actuality. Even though the article was published in 2014, the authors finished their interviews with founders and CEOs before 2011 (Gabrielsson et al., 2014, p. 451). Thus, the data omits recent challenges; for instance, the impact of global economic crisis in 2012. Nevertheless, analysis is deep and comprehensive. In fact, the authors highly value their choice of multiple case studies as they â€Å"are expected to be valid† (Gabrielsson et al., 2014, p. 451). So, the illustrative capacity of above-mentioned evidence is strong, as it has convincin g literature basis and numerous sources of practical evidence; in fact, it seems to be a pioneer research combination in the field. As for reliability of the evidence, it reveals its limits. By being the only source of presented data, multiple interviews with key actors make the selection bias is inevitable. In this context, classification of paths imposes the limit on number of cases. At the same time, this approach increases an accuracy of presented data. Actually, authors achieved their aim to create â€Å"a more holistic and contextual

Journal about the text, Shame of the Nation by Kozol, pages 285-317 Essay

Journal about the text, Shame of the Nation by Kozol, pages 285-317 and 265-284 of Jonathan Kozol's Shame of the Nation - Essay Example This intuition considers America being the superpower in terms of everything. Several questions arise, for instance, a reader asks what was amiss in the definition of the constitution to result with an education system that is not fully represented legally. Additionally, a reader cannot fail to the integrity and validity of the structure being incorporated to reflect the legal inclusions of the education systems from local to state to federal governments. The understanding of the difficult parts of the reading lies in the insights acquired during the first reading. Practically, the reader must incorporate a definition of terminologies in a layman’s language in order to perceive all the terms in the text in their correct context. To answer the questions raised, one must first consider when the constitution was written followed by the amendments that have been made in the course of time. Still, addressing concerns of education is the pertinent action requisite for the legal stakeholders to ensure America’s education system is well guarded constitutionally. When reading the second text, it is fathomable that American legal system has not addressed issues regarding education protection. Principally, Kozol provides an exploration of the diversity of the results that courts educe in the course of trying to establish equality and acquisition of formal education to all (Kozol 268). More so, a reader is able to understand the elucidated legal mechanics that America is putting across to address this education issue (281). The questions that arise regarding the cause of inequality in the education system yet, it is conventional that there is equity in all facets of formal life including the motto â€Å"education for all.† Is there equity in resource allocation and distribution as regards education acquisition? And lastly, is the disparity streamlined on gender or racial biases? Some aspects are only difficult to understand based

Advice for the Critique of an Academic Journal Article

Advice for the Critique of an Academic Journal - Article Example is, the emphasis is on collecting various manifestations of INV, which the authors divide into three groups: â€Å"born global,† â€Å"born again global,† and â€Å"born international.† (Gabrielsson et al., 2014, p. 450). In the given theoretical framework, the authors use data from several case studies from mostly developing firms in knowledge-intensive sector. So, it is crucial to discuss validity, reliability, and transferability of the given support to the main idea. Based on the presented theoretical assumptions, the discussion seems reasonable. In particular, the examples of real activity fit the theoretical assumptions of its entrepreneurial features. In other words, case studies make the findings on causal relationship between the enterprise and opportunism to be â€Å"really about what they appear to be about† (Saunders et al., 2009, p. 157). Although, the presented data has doubtful actuality. Even though the article was published in 2014, the authors finished their interviews with founders and CEOs before 2011 (Gabrielsson et al., 2014, p. 451). Thus, the data omits recent challenges; for instance, the impact of global economic crisis in 2012. Nevertheless, analysis is deep and comprehensive. In fact, the authors highly value their choice of multiple case studies as they â€Å"are expected to be valid† (Gabrielsson et al., 2014, p. 451). So, the illustrative capacity of above-mentioned evidence is strong, as it has convincin g literature basis and numerous sources of practical evidence; in fact, it seems to be a pioneer research combination in the field. As for reliability of the evidence, it reveals its limits. By being the only source of presented data, multiple interviews with key actors make the selection bias is inevitable. In this context, classification of paths imposes the limit on number of cases. At the same time, this approach increases an accuracy of presented data. Actually, authors achieved their aim to create â€Å"a more holistic and contextual

Rise of Qin in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rise of Qin in China - Essay Example When the Zhou (Chou) dynasty was established in about the eleventh century B.C., its feudal system consisted of some 172 states under the nominal central authority of a single king, the Son of Heaven. As time went by, probably due to the unwieldy size of the kingdom and primitive form of communication technology, the various states became increasingly independent of the political center. With the gradual decline of the authority of the king, conflicts erupted among the various states with growing intensity (Davidson 465). Since the eighth century B.C. it became more common for stronger states to conquer and annex smaller and weaker states. Then the political order gradually deteriorated into a condition of "international" anarchy, a war of all states against all states. By the end of the Spring and Autumn period there were only some twenty-two states left. During the subsequent Warring States period, incessant wars and annexations were conducted among the remaining states until the u nification of China under the domination of the sole surviving Qin state in 221 B.C. (Hulsewe and Loewe 34). Before arrival of the Qin, the royal Zhou domain never exceeded a thin strip of land bordering the capital. The domains of the great revonal powers, however, grew steadily at the expense of weaker states. As these regional powers became stronger economically and politically, they spread the ancient culture of the Zhou over an ever wider territory. Modeling their states on the royal Zhou court and their rituals on the royal Zhou rites, they came to dominate much of the North, Northwest, Middle Yangzi, and Lower Yangzi macroregions by the fifth century BCE. This expanded area became the crucible in which a common culture was alloyed. Following Gungwu (1993): 'The common view about imperial China says that there have been dozens of dynasties since the fall of Qin in 206 B.C. Most of them were overthrown by violence, but continuity was greater than change under each new ruling house" (71). Gradually the strong states forged the apparatus that would be necessary for imperial unification under the Qin during the third century BCE. The lords who ruled the territories of eighthcentury BCE China were members of a hereditary aristocracy, the scions of branches of the royal Zhou lineage (Hulsewe and Loewe 31). Their birthright to rule was unchallenged, even if their separate ambitions frequently led to diplomatic and military maneuvers against one another. Serving these lords were highranking ministers (qing and daifu), also hereditary elites. The options evident in rich assemblages of the late Spring and Autumn period were perpetuated during the early Warring States era. As it happens, there is now more evidence for casting in several regions surrounding the central plains, especially the north (states of Yan and Zhongshan), south (Chu and smaller states), and west (Qin), during this period than for the center (Davidson 465). The success of the Qin armies in 221 BCE marks a fundamental turning point in Chinese history. From that date forward China would normally be unified under one central regime. In periods when central rule was weakened, the ideal of a centralized state nonetheless remained potent. Even in periods of actual political

Summary The Health Care Quality Book Essay Example for Free

Summary The Health Care Quality Book Essay Chapter 1: science and knowledge foundation Two notable contributions to the industry from the Journal of American Medical Association: 1. Assessment of the state of quality ïÆ'   serious and widespread quality problems 2. Categorization of three defects: a. Underuse: many scientifically sound practices are not used as often as they should be b. Overuse: can be seen in areas such as imaging studies for diagnosis in acute asymptomatic low back pain or prescription of antibiotics when not indicated for infections. c. Misuse: when the proper clinical care process is not executed appropriately, such as giving the wrong drug to a patients. To Err Is Human: publication that shows the severity of the quality problems in a way that captured the attention of all key stakeholders for the first time ïÆ'   this report spoke about the negative, not how it should be improved. Crossing the quality chasm: provided a blueprint for the future that classified and unified the components of quality through six aims for improvement, chain of effect and simple rules for redesign of health care. Six dimensions of quality (Berwick): Outcome measures and goals (IOM) = Institute of Medicine’s Safe Percentage of overall mortality rates/patients experiencing adverse events or harm Effective: science and evidence should be applied and serve as the standard for delivery of care. How well are evidence based practices followed? Percentage of time diabetic patients receive all recommended care at each doctor visit.. Efficient: Care and service should be cost effective, and waste should be removed. Analyzing the costs of care by patient, organization, provider or community Timely: no waits or delays in receiving care Measured by waits and delays in receiving needed care, service, and test results. Patient centered: system should revolve around the patient, respect its preferences and put the patient in control Patient or family satisfaction with care and service Equitable: Disparities should be eradicated. Examining differences in quality measures by race, gender, income or other factors. The underlying framework for achieving these aims depicts the health care system in four levels: Level A: what happens with the patient Level B: the micro system where care is delivered by small provider teams Level C: organizational level: the macro system or aggregation of the Microsystems and supporting functions. Level D: external environment where payment mechanisms, policy and regulatory factors reside (verblijven) Chapter 2: Basic concepts of health care quality The following attributes relevant to the definition of quality of care are important: Technical performance ïÆ'   refers to how well current scientific medical knowledge and technology are applied in a given situation (it is usually assessed in terms of timeliness and accuracy of the diagnosis, appropriateness in of therapy) Management of the interpersonal relationship ïÆ'   refers to how well the clinician relates to the patient on a human level. The quality of this relationship is important because: By establishing a good relationship with the patient the clinician is able to fully address the patient’s concerns, reassure the patient and relieve the patient’s suffering It can affect technical performance: the clinician is better able to elicit from that patient are more complete and accurate medical history, which can result in a better diagnosis Amenities (voorzieningen) ïÆ'   refers to the characteristics of the setting in which the encounter between patient and clinician takes place, such as comfort, convenience and privacy. Amenities are valued both in their own right and for their effect on the technical and interpersonal aspects of care. Amenities can yield (opleveren) benefits that are more indirect. Access ïÆ'   refers to the degree to which individuals and groups are able to obtain needed services. Responsiveness to patient preferences ïÆ'   respect for patients’ values, preferences and expressed needs affects quality of care as a factor in its own right. Equity ïÆ'   the amount, type or quality of health care provided can be related systematically to an individual’s characteristics, particularly race and ethnicity, rather than to the individual’s need for care or healthcare preferences, have heightened concern about equity in health care. Medicine does not fulfill its function adequately until the same perfection is within the reach of all individuals. Efficiency ïÆ'   refers to how well resources are used in achieving a given result. Cost-effectiveness ïÆ'   how much benefit, typically measured in terms of improvement in health status, the intervention yields for a particular level of expenditure. For each stakeholder in health care, quality can be differently defined: page 30 + 31. These definitions have a great deal in common: Each definition emphasizes different aspects of care Definitions conflict only in relation to cost-effectiveness All evaluations of quality of care can be classified in terms of one of the three aspects of caregiving they measure: Structure: when quality is measured in terms of structure, the focus is on the relatively static characteristics of the individuals who provide care and of the settings where the care is delivered. These characteristics include the education, training and certification of professionals. Process: refers to what takes place during the delivery of care, also can be the basis for evaluating quality of care. Outcomes: Outcome measures, which capture whether healthcare goals were achieved, are another way of assessment of quality of care. Outcome measures have to include the costs of care as well as patients’ satisfaction with care. Which one is better to use? ïÆ'   none of them, all depends on the circumstances. To assess quality using structure, process or outcome measures, we need to know what constitutes good structure, good process and good outcomes. We need criteria and standards we can apply to those measures of care: Criteria = specific attributes that are the basis for assessing quality Standards = express quantitatively what level the attributes must reach to satisfy preexisting expectations about quality. For example ïÆ'   type of measure: structure and focus on primary care group practice: Criterion: percentage of board-certified physicians in internal or family medicine – Standard: 100% of physicians in the practice must be board certified in internal or family medicine. Optimal standards: denote the level of quality that can be reached under the best conditions, typically conditions similar to those under which efficacy is determined ïÆ'   useful as reference point. Structural measures are well suited to detecting lack of capacity to deliver care of acceptable quality. They are also only as good and useful as strength of their relation to desired processes and outcomes. To evaluate structure, process and outcome measures criteria and standards are essential. Whereas the formulation of criteria is expected to be evidence driven (efficacy). The setting of standards is not similarly tied to scientific literature. The decision to set standards at a minimal, ideal or achievable level is most meaningful if driven by the goals behind the specific quality of care evaluation for which the standards are to be used. Chapter 3: Variation in medical practice and implications for quality Variation ïÆ'   the difference between an observed event and a standard or norm. Without this standard, or best practice, measurement of variation offers little beyond (biedt niet meer dan) a description of the observations. Random variation = physical attribute of the event or process, adheres to the laws of probability and cannot be traced to a root cause. (houdt zich aan de wetten van waarschijnlijkheid en kan niet worden herleid tot een oorzaak). It is not worth to study it in detail. Assignable variation = arises from a single or small set of causes that are not part of the event or process and therefore can be traced, identified, and implemented and eliminated ïÆ'   subject to potential misunderstanding because of complexity of design and interpretation. 1. Process variation = the difference in procedure throughout an organization (use of various screening methods for colorectal cancer) Technique ïÆ'   multitude of ways in which a procedure can be performed within the realm of acceptable medical practice. 2. Outcome variation = difference in the result of a single process (mostly focus on this measure) the process yielding optimal results ïÆ'   outcomes research 3. Performance variation = the difference between any given result and the optimal ideal result. This threshold or best practice is the standard against which all other measurements of variation are compared. Performance variation tells us where we are and how far we are from where we want to be, and suggests ways to achieve the desired goal. Variation can be desirable? ïÆ'   a successful procedure that differs from other, less successful procedures is by definition variation. The objective then for quality improvement is not simply to identify variation but to determine its value. How can the variation be eliminated or reduced in the ways that focus on the variation rather than on the people involved? So, understanding the implications for quality of variation in medical practice is not simply learning how eliminate variation but learning how to improve performance by identifying and accommodating good or suboptimal variation from a predefined best practice. Variability plays a role in identifying, measuring and reporting quality indicators (effective, efficient, equitable..) and process-of-care improvements. Some hospitals are reluctant to use quality improvement measures (they perceive them as biased towards academic medical research centers or large health care organization) ïÆ'   untrue! Quality improvements efforts can be and have been successfully applied to small organization and practices. The size of an organization also effects the ability to disseminate (verspreiden) best practices. Large organization tend to have rigid frameworks or bureaucracies; change is slow and requires perseverance (doorzettingsvermogen) and the ability to make clear to skeptics and enthusiasts the value of the new procedure in their group and across the system. An organization ‘s commitment to paying for quality improvement studies and implementation is equally affected by its size and infrastructure, but there are some minimum standard levels of quality and linked reimbursement schemes to achieving goals established by the Joint Commission, CMS and Medicare ïÆ'   all organizations obligated to meet these standards. Quality improvement effort must consider organizational mind-set, administrative and physician worldviews, and patient knowledge and expectations. Physician buy-in is critical to reducing undesired variation or creating new and succesfull preventive systems of clinical care, therefore: training physician champions and inciting (aanzetten) them to serve as models, mentors and motivators and it reduces the risk of alienating (vervreemden) the key participants in quality improvement efforts. Patient education in quality of care is equally subject to variation; patients are aware of the status of health care providers in terms of national rankings, public news of quality successes and so on. Educating patients about a health care organization and its commitment to quality makes variation and process-of-care measures available to the public. Organizational mind set ïÆ'   organizational infrastructure is an essential component in minimizing variation, disseminating best practices and supporting a research agenda associated with quality improvements. Economic incentives may be effective in addressing variation in health care by awarding financial bonuses to physicians and administrators who meet quality targets or withholding bonuses from those who do not. Goals of incentives: to help people understand that their organization is serious about implementing quality changes and minimizing unwanted variation to ensure alignment with national standards an directions in quality of care and to encourage them to use the resources of the organization to achieve this alignment . Chapter 4: Quality improvement: the foundation, processes, tools and knowledge transfer techniques Different leaders of quality improvement systems: page 63 – 67 Quality improvement approaches (derivatives and models of the ideas and theories developed by thought leaders): PDCA/PDSA, Associates for Process Improvement’s Model for Improvement, FOCUS PDCA, Baldrige criteria, ISO 9000, Lean, Six Sigma. PDCA/PDSA cycle Basis for planning and directing performance improvement efforts. 1 Plan: Objective: what are you trying to accomplish? What is the goal? Questions and predictions: What do you think will happen? Plan to carry out the cycle: Who? What? When? Where? 2 Do Educate and train staff Carry out the plan (try out the change on a small scale) Document the problems and unexpected observations? Begin analysis of the data 3 Study/Check Assess the effect of the change and determine the level of success as compared to the goal/objective Compare results to predictions Determine what changes need to be made and what actions will be taken next 4 Act Act on what you have learned Determine whether the plan should be repeated with modifications or a new plan should be created Perform necessary changes Identify remaining gaps in process or performance Carry out additional PDCA/PDSA cycles until the agreed-upon goal or objective is met API improvement model Simple model for improvement based on Deming’s PDSA cycle. The model contains three fundamental questions that form the basis of improvement: What are we trying to accomplish? How will we know that a change is an improvement? What change can we make that will results in improvement? FOCUS/PDCA model Building on de PDCA cycle the FOCUS PDCA model is created: more specific and defined approach to process improvement. The key feature of this model is the preexistence of a process that needs improvement. The intent of this model is to maximize the performance of a preexisting process, although the inclusion of PDCA provides the option of using this model for new or redesign process. F: FIND a process to improve O: ORGANIZE a team that knows the process C: CLARIFY current knowledge of the existing or redesigned process U: UNDERSTAND the variables and causes of process variation within the chosen process S: SELECT the process improvement and identify the potential action for improvement Baldrige criteria The criteria can be used to assess performance on a wide range of key indicators: health care outcomes; patient satisfaction; and operational, staff and financial indicators. The Baldrige healthcare criteria are built on the following set of interrelated core values and concepts (page 70). The criteria are organized into seven interdependent categories: Leadership Strategic planning Focus on patients, other customers, and markets Measurement, analysis and knowledge management Staff focus Process management Organizational performance results Baldrige’s scoring system is based on a 1000 point scale. Each of the seven criteria is assigned a maximum value ranging from 85 to 450 maximum points. The most heavily weighted criterion is the results category (450). The weight of this category is based on an emphasis Baldrige places on results and an organization’s ability to demonstrate performance and improvement in the following areas: Product and service outcomes, customer-focused outcomes, financial and market outcomes, workforce-focused outcomes, process effectiveness outcomes, leadership outcomes. ISO 9000 The international Organization for Standardization (ISO) issued the original 9000 series of voluntary technical standards in 1987 to facilitate the development and maintenance of quality control programs in the manufacturing industry. In 2000, ISO made major changes to the standards to make them more relevant to service and health care settings. Focused more on quality management systems, process approach, and the role of top management, the most recent standards include eight common quality management principles: Customer-focused organization Leadership Involvement of people Process approach System approach to management Continual improvement Factual approach to decision making Mutually beneficial supplier relationships Lean thinking Lean ïÆ'   to describe production methods and product development that, when compared to traditional mass production processes, produce more products, with fewer defects, in a shorter time. The focus of Lean methodology is a ‘back to basics’ approach that places the needs of the customer first through the following five steps: 1. Define value as determined by the customer, identified by the provider’s ability to deliver the right product or service at an appropriate price. 2. Identify the value stream: the set of specific actions required to bring a specific product or service from concept to completion 3. Make value added steps flow from beginning to end 4. Let the customer pull the product from the supplier, rather than push products 5. Pursue perfection of the process Six sigma The aim of six sigma is to reduce variation (eliminate defects) in key business processes. By using a set of statistical tools to understand the fluctuation of a process, management can predict the expected outcome of that process. Six sigma incluses five steps, commonly known as DMAIC: Define: Identify the customers and their problems. Determine the key characteristics important to the customer along with the processes that support those key characteristics. Identify existing output conditions along with process elements. Measure: Categorize key characteristics, verify measurement systems and collect data Analyze: Convert raw data into information that provides insights into the process. These insights include identify the fundamental and most important causes of the defects or problems. Improve: Develop solutions to the problem, and make changes to the process. Measure process changes and judge whether the changes are beneficial or another set of changes is necessary. Control: If the process is performing at a desired and predictable level, monitor the process to ensure that no unexpected changes occur. The primary tool of six sigma is that focus on variation reduction will lead to more uniform process output. Secondary effects include less waste, less throughput time and less inventory. Quality tools: three categories (also six categories distinguishing on page 74) Basic quality tools Control chart: upper and lower control boundaries that define the limits of common cause variation. It is used to monitor and analyze variation from a process to determine whether that process is stable and predictable or unstable and not predictable Histogram Cause-and-Effect/Fishbone diagram: the problem is stated on the right side of the cart, and likely causes are listed around major headings that lead to the effect. It can help organize the causes contributing to a complex problem. Pareto chart: 80% of the variation of any characteristic is caused by only 20% of the possible variables. Management and planning tools (75) Affinity diagram: a list of ideas is created, and then individual ideas are written on small note cards. Team members study the cards and group the ideas into common categories. The affinity diagram is a way to create order of a brainstorm session. Matrix diagram: helps us to answer two important questions when sets of data are compared: Are the data related? How strong is the relationship? Priorities matrix: uses a series of planning tools built around the matrix chart. Other quality tools Benchmarking: compares the processes and successes of you competitor of similar top-performing organizations to your current processes to define, through gap analysis, process variation and organizational opportunities for improvement. Benchmarking defines not only organizations that perform better but also how they perform better. Failure mode and effect analysis: examines potential problems and their causes and predicts undesired results. FMEA normally is used to predict product failure form past part failure, but it also can be used to analyze future system failures ïÆ'   both in patient safety toolbox. 5S: is a systematic program that helps workers take control of their workspace so that is actually works for them instead of being a neutral or, as is quite common, competing factor. Sort: means to keep only necessary items Straighten: means to arrange and identify items so they can be easily retrieved when needed. Shine: means to keep items and workspaces clean and in working order Standardize: means to use best practices consistently Sustain: means to maintain the gains and make a commitment to continue the first four S. Theory of Transfer of Learning ïÆ'   page 77 Rapid cycle testing/improvement Developed by IHI, rapid cycle testing/improvement was designed to create various small tests involving small sample sizes and using multiple PDSA cycles that build on the lessons learned in short period while gaining buy-in from staff involved in the change. It is designed to reduce the cycle time of new process implementation from months to days. Read 78/79/80/81 Chapter 5: Milestones in the quality measurement journey Many health care providers struggle to address the measurement mandate proactively, which leads organizations to assume a defensive posture when external organizations release the data. In such cases, the provider usually responds in one of the following ways: data are old, data are not stratified and do not represent appropriate comparisons, our patients are sicker than those in other hospitals. A more proactive posture would be to develop an organization-wide approach to quality measurement that meets both internal and external demands. This approach is not a task, but a journey that has many potential pitfalls and detours. Key milestones exist that mark your progress and chart your direction. Milestone 1: Develop a measurement philosophy (strategic step): What is/should be the role of performance measurement in the organization? Should it be done periodically or a day-to-day function? The first step toward this milestone should be the creation of an organizational statement on the role of measurement. Three simply questions should be explored when developing a measurement philosophy: 1. Do we know our data better than anyone else does? 2. Do we have a balanced set of measures that encompasses clinical, operational, customer service and resource allocations? 3. Do we have a plan for using the data to make improvements? Milestone 2: Identify the concepts to be measured (types and categories of measures) (strategic and operational step) The second milestone consists of deciding which concepts the organization wishes to monitor. There are three basic categories of measures: structure (s): represents the physical and organizational aspects of the organization processes (p): every activity, every job, is part of a process. outcomes (o): structure combine with processes to produce outcomes. The relationship between these categories usually is shown as follows: s + p = o Another categorization that can be made is (more specific) according to the six aims for improvement: 1 Safe, 2 Effective, 3 Patient centered, 4 Timely, 5 Efficient, 6 Equitable Regardless of the method used, an organization must decide which concepts, types, or categories of measures it wishes to track. Milestone 3: Select specific measures What aspect of (patient safety) do we want to measure? What specific measures could we track? Choose a specific indicator In this step you need to specifying what aspect of for example patient safety you intend to measure and the actual measures. Within the patient safety, you could focus on medication errors, patient falls, wrong site surgeries etc. Within the medication error you can measure different things: number of medication orders that had an error, total number of errors caught each day, percentage of orders with an error etc. Milestone 4: Develop operational definitions for each measure An operational definition is a description, in quantifiable terms, of what to measure and the specific steps needed to measure it consistently. A good operational definition: Gives communicable meaning to a concept or an idea Is clear and unambiguous Specifies the measurement method, procedures and equipment Provides decision-making criteria when necessary and Enables consistency in data collection The problem created by poor operational definitions should be obvious: if you do not use the same operational definition each time you record and plot data on a chart, you will either miss a true change in the data or think a change has occurred when in fact one has not. Using the same operational definition becomes even more critical if you are trying to compare several hospitals or clinics in a system. Milestone 5: Develop a data collection plan and gather data (giving special consideration to stratification and sampling) Direct start with data collection may cause teams to collect the wrong data in the wrong amounts. The data collection phase consists of two parts: Planning for data collection: what process will be monitored? What specific measures will be collected? What are the operational definitions of measures?.. The actual data gathering: how will you collect the data? Will you conduct a pilot study? Who will collect the data? (page 94) Once you have resolved these issues, the data collection should go smoothly. Sometimes improvement teams do not spend enough time on data collection plans. This can lead to the following problems: (1) collect too much, or too little data (2) collect the wrong data (3) become frustrated with the entire measurement journey. Consequences can be: the team tends to (1) distort (verdraaien) the data (2) distort the process that is produced the data or (3) kill the messenger. Two key data collection skills – stratification and sampling enhance any data collection effort. Stratification = the separation and classification of data into reasonably homogeneous categories. The objective of stratification is to create strata, or categories, within the data that are mutually exclusive and facilitate discovery of patterns that would not be observed if the data were aggregated. Stratification allows understanding of differences in the data caused by different factors (page 95). If you do not think about how these factors could influence your data you run the risk of making incorrect conclusions and having to filter out the stratification effect manually after you have collected the data. Sampling (steekproef) ïÆ'   the most important thing you can do to reduce the amount of time and resources spent on data collection. There are four conditions for developing a sampling plan: accuracy, reliability, speed and economy. Sampling consists of a series of comprom ises and trade-offs. The basic purpose of sampling is to be able to draw a limited number of observations and be reasonably confident that they represent the larger population from which they were drawn. There are two basic approach to sampling: Probability sampling techniques: based on statistical probability (systematic sampling, simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, stratified proportional random sampling) Non-probability sampling techniques: should be used when estimating the reliability of the selected sample or generally applying the results of the sample to larger population is not the principal concern. The basic objective is of this type of sampling is to select a sample that the researchers believe is typical of the larger population. (convenience sampling, quota sampling and judgement sampling) 99-102 Milestone 6: Analyze the data using statistical process control methods (especially run and control charts) Translate data into information. Milestone 7: Use the analytic results to take action (implement cycles of change, test theories and make improvements) Chapter 6: Data collection Quality measurements can be grouped into four categories: Clinical quality Financial performance Patient satisfaction Functional status To report on each of these categories, several spate data sources may be required. The challenge is to collect as much data as possible from the fewest sources with the objectives of consistency and continuity in mind. Retro prospective data collection: involves identification and selection of a patient’s medical record or group of records after the patient has been discharged. Prospective data collection: relies on medical record review, but it is completed during a patient’s hospitalization or visit rather than retrospectively. Disadvantage: time consuming and can distract nurse from their direct patient care responsibilities, expensive method, mostly full time data analyst needed. Source for data for quality improvements: Administrative databases: are information collected, processed and stored in automated information systems. Excellent source of data for reporting on clinical quality, financial performance, and certain patient outcomes. Advantages: less expensive source of data, they incorporate transaction systems, moest of the code sets embedded are standardized, the database are staffed by individuals who are skilled, the volume is great, data reporting tools are available.. Disadvantages: some argue that these data is less reliable than data gathered by chart review. Patient surveys: especially when teams are interested in the perceptions of patients, either in terms of the quality of care or the quality of service provided. A team can design the survey itself, hire an expert to design a survey, or purchase an existing survey/survey service. Functional status surveys: usually measured before and at several points following the treatment or procedure. (for example a baseline before the knee procedure and then assessments are made at regular intervals after the surgery) Health plan databases: excellent source of data for quality improvement projects, particularly projects that have a population health management f ocus. These databases are valuable because they contain detailed information on all care received by health plan members. It provides a comprehensive record of patient activity and can be used to identify and select patients for enrollment in disease management programs. Used properly: rich source of data for population management, disease management and quality improvement projects. Health plan databases limitations: considerations include accuracy, detail and timeliness. Recoding may make some data inaccurate, they do not contain detailed information on outcomes of care . Patient registries: powerful source of quality improvement data. Advantages: rich source of information because they are customized, can collect all the data that the physician or health system determines are most important, can be used for quality improvements, they are not subject to the shortcomings of administrative or health plan databases, collection techniques can be combined to provide a complete picture of the patient experience. They are versatile and flexible. Example case study in clinical reporting: page 123-127 Conclusion: there are many sources and data collection approaches from which to choose. Rarely does one method serve purposes, so it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of all methods. A combination is also possible. Knowledge of different sources and techniques will help you to use data more effectively and efficiently in your clinical improvement effort. Chapter 7: Statistical tools for quality improvement Three fundamental purposes for performance measurement: Assessment of current performance: identify strengths and weaknesses of current processes Demonstration and verification of performance improvement And control of performance Performance measurement benefits organizations in several ways: provides factual evidence of performance, promotes ongoing organization self-evaluation and improvement, illustrates improvement, facilitates cost-benefit analysis, helps to meet external requirements and demands for performance evaluation, may facilitate the establishment of long-term relationships with various external stakeholders. May differentiate the organization from competitors, may contribute to the awarding of business contacts and fosters organizational survival. .. Chapter 13: Leadership for quality Leadership = working with people and systems to produce needed change. Individual leadership = this set of leadership is about what people must be and what they must know how to do, if they are to influence others to bring about needed changes. Both being and doing are needed, especially when the changes required for quality improvement involve reframing core value or remaking professional teams. Many improvements in health care will require these kinds of deep changes in values. These changes are sometimes labeled as transformational changes to distinguish them from transactional changes, which do not require changes in values and patterns of behavior. Organizational leadership = about creating a supportive organizational environment in which hundreds of capable individual leaders’ work can thrive (groeien). One way to view this level (system-of-leadership level) is as a complex set of interrelated activities in five broad categories: Set direction: every organization has a sense of direction, a future self-image. A leader should set that direction. Establish the foundation: leaders must prepare themselves and their leadership teams with the knowledge and skills necessary to improve systems and lead change (and reframe values) Build will: to initiate and sustain change takes will, which seem to be highly sensitive to discord and often grind to a halt because of one loud voice opposing change ïÆ'   therefore making logical and quantitative links should be made between improvement and key business goals. Generate ideas: quality challenges require innovation. Page 313 Implementing quality as the core organizational strategy Implementing a culture that has quality improvement at its core is an important goal for providers who want to serve patients better, gain the support of healthcare providers, stay ahead of government regulation, meet consumer’s demand for transparent information on quality and costs, an gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Recent history: many efforts have not resulted in the sustainable quality improvements that the leaders hoped to see. Quality improvement strategy should start with leadership from the board of trustees, the CEO and the executive team, but it is a challenge for health care organizations because of the many internal competing agendas, the rapidly changing environment, employees and so on. First step: to establish an organizational culture that will support the hospital on their journey to quality ïÆ'   starting point: leadership! Kaplan Norton: Balanced Scorecard ïÆ'   this approach includes the perspective of the patient and family, internal processes such as clinical pathways, learning and growth opportunities that focus on employees and financial performance. Role of leadership: leaders ask financial questions about market share, margins and quality implications. They raise questions related to the satisfaction of their internal and external customers and the way in which business processes must change to improve and sustain quality. Primary focus on creating a culture of quality. Baldrige National Quality Program Creating the change towards quality starts with leadership. Road map for change Eight stage change process, modified form Kotter’s seminal work (Leading Change 1996) serves as a realistic and viable framework to guide leaders who are managing a change to quality: 1. Unfreezing the old culture This is the most difficult step because of culture’s influence on employee behavior and some employee’s to desire to resist change and impede progress. 2. Forming a powerful guiding coalition 3. Developing a vision and strategy 4. Communicating a vision and strategy 5. Empowering employees to act on the vision and strategy 6. Generating short-term wins 7. Consolidating gains and producing more change 8. Refreezing new approaches in the culture View as multi-pages

Alien Movies And The Science Fiction Genre Film Studies Essay

Alien Movies And The Science Fiction Genre Film Studies Essay The evolution in the films would be the current status of work politics that are always played up in movies. The basic premise of the film does not change but to make it fit the modern day perspective it changes the premise. What forces influenced or guided this change would be the current times we are living in. The film Independence Day from the 1990s allows for a simpler time to seen and how the world and ideas have changed so much since this time. Each story in the films are good versus evil where good must try to triumph evil. The audience enjoys these types of films because they are feel good stories where good wins most of the time. Each film has various layers of the story to discover as the story line progresses. There is always more of the story to be discovered to shock and awe the audience. There is evidence of significant variation from one film to the next because time never stands still and the world is always changing and growing into a new dimension of thinking. Peop le change and with that come new ideas and new problems that must be dealt with. The extent this variation indicates an evolution of style, structure or content in the genre is that looking back at the much older movies the times where more simple. The people were much more respectful and the problems much more straightforward. People believed in getting along with their neighbour and being friendly to everyone. Movies are very relevant for the time they are made as they use current ideas and events in their making. Some movies go further than others to produce surprise and awe in the audience and these are the ones that inspire other movies. It is this final resemblance to genre films and to art films that must make us stop and consider the possibility that, as does art film, the cult movie has certain characteristics that set it apart as a genre onto itself. The seriousness of the art film stands in contrast to the frequent tastelessness of the cult film. Both are film and cult movie manage to avoid the usual genre conventions, but for different reasons. The audiences are small, but the former is so out of a sense of elitism, while the latter is out of a sense of conspiration. Both audiences have achieved a level of nonconformity with the genre mainstream, albeit through two very different routes. (University) Many films are elevated to cult status when they are evolutionary change to way film production are completed. It may be because these cult movies are strange and different but they are really just opening up people eyes to a new art form. Many science fiction movies represent alien invasions. Alien invasions have always had underlying tones of the political standings in our current time. Politics and fears have easily been mixed into science fiction film. This is because any fantasy can be played out for the world to see. Sometimes goods win over evil but not always. Our major current issue is terrorist invading and destroying people and property, this is because of the modern day attacks that occurred on 9/11. The next major issue is global warming and the negative effects being caused to our planet. Humankind has always had a continued idea of war solving the current issues of the time. This may not be accurate but it has been the way of dealing with issues. It only makes sense that one day we could be invaded by extraterrestrials entity that looks to overtake our way of life. We have had horrendous suffering such as throughout the blockade of London during World War II or the Holocaust. Like all wars, some are lost and some are won. The defeated leave and return from where they came from. The victorious celebrate and cheer their apparent success. The wars that are lost are the ones doomed from the start where the people have no chance and they know there foe is going to defeat and it is only a matter of time. We are destroying ourselves for the sake of oil and money. Science fiction can easily delve into these issues and mask them as something more sinister as they can be much more controversial. How we treat each other is usually a huge themed played out in alien invasion movies. For this essay, I will be focusing on just three of the more well known films. The three films from the science fiction genre I chose are The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008), War of the Worlds (2005) and Independence Day (1996). These movies all represent our political ideals and the fears we all have inside us. This is brought out by the alien invasion movies that represent these present fears. The alien invasion scenarios that involved nuclear war was a popular apocalyptic scenario from that became reflected in the 1950s the fears of Communist infiltration. This idea continued for the duration of and up until the breakdown of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. The Cold War had generated fears of a nuclear devastation at which point terrorism took the new form of fear. from Communism as the primary covert threat in the early 2000s. The undercover aliens posturing as human in movies like They Live (1988) and Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) have symbolized this. In these films, the horror draw closer not from the explosion itself but rather from the post-explosion events or from mutated creatures produced from the radiation or of the desperate survivors in such movies as Panic in the Year Zero! (1962). There are many examples of these types of movies throughout movie history such as: Invaders from Mars (1953), Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956), 20 Million Miles to Earth (1957), The Brain Eaters (1958), Battle in Outer Space (1959), The Day of the Triffids (1962), Beware! The Blob (1972), Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978), The Brother from Another Planet (1984), Lifeforce (1985), Cocoon (1985), Invaders from Mars (1986), Critters (1986) Maximum Overdrive (1986), Flight of the Navigator (1986), They Live (1988), The Hidden II (1993), Body Snatchers (1993), U.F.O.(1993), The Puppet Masters (1994), The X Files (1998), The Faculty (1998), Progeny (1999), Signs (2002), Returner (2002), Alien Abduction (2005), Lifted (2007), The Invasion (2007) Bedtime Stories (2008) and the Mutant Chronicles (2009). The epic and ambitious science fiction blockbuster is gradually but unquestionably becoming a vanishing variety of cinematic entertainment. In view of the fact, that the time of cold war suspicions and fear the preliminary overindulge of computer-generated imagery or CGI technologies are now mainstream. In the 1990s, the genre had seen much more enthusiasm either from its core enthusiasts or from individuals wanting something incredible but completely different. The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008). It is a science fiction genre film with underlying tones of the thriller and drama genres. This film is based upon a movie from the genres pinnacle from director Scott Derricksons. This version compels with the same sense of awe and wonder, relevancy and conviction to our present social environment. Inundate with a developed coherent plot theme and great characterizations. The movie experience is significant in its captivating moments but also in its implementation. The special effects are impressive and very convincing. The narrative is fascinating during its thick layers of apprehension and threatening atmosphere. The overall substance of the movies capability to beyond doubt draw the viewer in and shock them is strong. Robert Wises classic 1951 version had a clear and strong underlying message to its viewers about the nuclear arms race. The Soviet Union was the evil threat during the cold war and that theme was popular in the movies of that time of the original making of the movie. The Day the Earth Stood Still (2010) is a present day classic remake. This is because of its message is one that is easily changed to apply to modern day. Scott Derricksons version of The Day the Earth Stood Still is about the new threat of global warming. Is has a spectacular means of touching modern audiences with the truth. The main idea that all of humankind is the ones behind the devastating and essential problem facing the earth. This is since we are destroying the globe and essentially mother earth through pollution, global warming, strip mining and various other means. The immense concerns that the movie deals with has been updated from the previous concerns of the nuclear arms race to modern day problem of globa l warming. The destruction of the human race is initiated with a few lines of explanation toward the current epidemic situation. The idea it could really be another country that is going to rage war instead of a foreign unknown entity can easily be believed since the state of the world is in such disarray. War of the Worlds (2005) is a science fiction genre film with underlying tones of the action, adventure and drama genres. War of the Worlds was directed by Steven Spielberg. This movie is about a story in which extraterrestrials visit Earth. The idea that they have been waiting for a long time to strike and now the earth is ripe for the picking. It cannot be coincidence, which from the first appearance of the extraterrestrials arriving with eerie lights flashing amid lowering clouds. The extraterrestrials visit with intentions that are pure malevolent. The war is in fact instigated from the commencement. Some viewers apparently were not expecting the core idea of a man and his child trying to just survive and escape the carnage. This movie is not on the level of humans versus aliens not at all about combat that those most alien movies tend to be. It a story about how the everyday people caught in the unexpected situation would handle it. These creatures are in all probability Martian s from Mars, as in the original H. G. Wellss novel. The extraterrestrials are not all interested in be friendly nor is there any vagueness about their crucial mission. It is very clear they are here to remove us off the face of our planet, plain and simple. A point that is understood before the movie has gone into the story in depth. The frightening tripods that walk deploying destruction along the way are remorselessly efficient. The movie is really good at pointing out the desolation and desperation that these people must be feeling. This movie uses imagery reminiscent of the siege of London during World War II, the terrible events of the Holocaust and destruction and loss of so many during the 9/11 events. The atmosphere is a reflection of how seriously the film intends the audience to understand the screen chaos and mayhem. The ambiance is profoundly chilling with menace and the portrayal of the general population numb with shock amid the devastation is terrifyingly convincing. The mood is sinister and there is not much fighting b ack on the aliens, as the outmatched Earthlings do not seem to have a chance. Even the apparent protagonist lead character realizes the immense enormity of what is happening. This is a true depiction of how people would behave given that their city or town was invade and attacked. People are not ready to fight against a large foe and would be unprepared as what to do. Independence Day (1996) is a science fiction genre film with underlying tones of the action and adventure genres. This movie is taking the 1950s invasion narratives and re-making them for 1990s audiences. This film depicts the fact that it does possess a joyful naivety in the face of world politics. The year was 1996 with the Cold War over and 9/11 many years away. The entire world uniting against a common enemy devoid of being tied down with insignificant arguments and personal agendas still seemed plausible. Even the rifle carrying Arabs that momentarily appear on the in the film are more than happy to rally behind the Americans who saved the world in celebration of everyones freedom. Independence Day is an absolute explosion of visual flare and awesome heroism. The plot is straightforward as the aliens invade and then the fights ensue until victory is achieved. It is quite the spectacle to watch as the movie unfolds. The spectacle of that enormous blue laser light destroying lower Manhattan in 1996 would have made mouth open in shock. It is highly unlikely to do the same to todays over stimulated audiences; it is still an incredible visual delight. The extraterrestrials are actually here to strip mine our planet of all its natural resources. This is the very idea about how we as humans are always invading each others countries to pilfer their resources. We lay claim to territory and resources that we have no rights to take for our own. We are in the Middle East fighting a war for the resources that we want to acquire from the rich in oil Middle East. The American President declares July 4 will no longer be just an American celebration, but a world celebration. This is a prime example of American ambition to take over the globe in every way they can. They want to be the largest and greatest super power. This may have held the possibility back in the 1990s long before 9/11 and the financial devastation of the United States. With each decade, the shift toward the political environment is enhanced by the fears and threats that could one day come true but are used to tell a story in the film. Our fears are played out on screen such as invasion weather by alien forces or another country that is set to invade and take our rights away. There are several observable explanations for its wane in demand for these types of movies since our world is facing great threats of world instability, terrorism and disease. Science fiction alien invasion movies are on a decline because they are not relevant to our political atmosphere as they once were. They will have resurgence in these movies when the time is right and political times have changed to reflect these changes. As all great genres have up and downs of when they are most popular. Most movies are a reflection of the times we live in and the take on which the filmmakers reproduce them ideas for us to watch.